Game Design Principles are like the pillars that you need to have when considering making a video game, there are loads of these pillars but the key pillars would be:
Objectives // Goals
An objective could be collecting an item to complete a level, as an example, collecting a star in Super Mario 64 would complete that objective, the goal was to collect all the stars from each painting.
Game Mechanics
Game Mechanics could be how the player moves and interacts with the world. As an example, in a game like FIFA, the player needs to be able to control a ball, a core mechanic of the ball is the way it moves and interacts with other objects. The ball will ricochet off goal posts and corner flags, if it goes out of bounds, it will give a corner, goal kick, throw-in, if its raining, the ball won’t go along the ground as smooth and so forth.
Resources
Resources could refer to collectibles in video games, the big one for me would be survival games like Ark and Minecraft, you punch a tree and you receive some wood or start hitting a rock and you get some stone or metal.
Challenges // Rewards
Challenges and Rewards are what keep me playing video games, I love having a challenge and being rewarded for that, whether that is an in-game item or a Playstation Trophy, it sets a clear goal and improves the longevity of video games by having these.